<p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"></p> <div style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:9pt;">상대론에 대한 설명이아니라 </span></div> <div style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:9pt;">상대론탄생 배경과 시대상황을 기술한 글입니다. . </span></div> <p></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:16px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><b>갈릴레오 좌표변환</b></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">시작에 앞서 갈릴레오 변환에대해 알아보겠습니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">아래 문제를 풀수있으면 갈릴레오변환을 이해하고있는 겁니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">문제) 철수는 100km/h 로 x+ 방향으로 운전하고있다. 영희는 100km/h으로 반대차로에서 x- 방향으로 운전하고있다.</p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">철수가 보는 영희의 속도는??</p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">답은 -200 km/h 입니다.</p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">앞으로 나오는 좌표변환는 정말 점의 좌표위치나 좌표 기술방식을 변하는것이 아니라 좌표자체의 속도가 변하는 겁니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">뉴턴의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> 1</span>법칙에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> f=0, a=0 </span>으로부터<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표계<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">(System=</span>좌표<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">)</span>라는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>정의가<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>있음에도<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>계라는것에는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> 20</span>세기<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>초까지는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>그렇게<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>중요하게생각했습니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">.</span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:18px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><b>광속불변의</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>제시</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">19</span>세기<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>말<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>맥스웰<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>방정식에서 전자기파의 진행에 대해 기술한 맥스웰<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>법칙에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표계가<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>바꿔도<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>불변인량<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>제시가<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>됩니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">. </span>바로<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>전자기파<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">(</span>빛)의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>속도입니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">. </span>하지만<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>전자기파(빛)의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>속도를<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>계산하고<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span><b>좌표계에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>불변인량에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>관심은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>없었습니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">.</span></b></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><img src="http://thimg.todayhumor.co.kr/upfile/201510/1445567430LDtBz2XRGTnMRrdPeOqxhfDQhONvQ.png" width="423" height="87" alt="Screen Shot 2015-10-23 at 10.50.30 AM.png" style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';border:none;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">위식은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>멕스웰<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>법칙이고<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> B</span>와<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> E</span>는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표계의 속도에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>따라<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>값이<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>바뀝니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">. </span>하지만<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>상수인<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> μ_0, ε_0 </span>는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표와<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>관련없고<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>전자기파의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>진행속도파라메터입니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">.</span></p> <p style="margin:0px;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;">μ_0 × ε_0 = c^<span style="font-size:11px;line-height:normal;">2</span> </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">맥스웰은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>당시<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>알려진<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> μ_0, ε_0, </span>두상수값을<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>이용하여<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>광속을<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>구하였고<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>현재값<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>광속과<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>차이는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> 0.001% 밖에 나지 않습니다.</span><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:15px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><b>마이클슨</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>몰리</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>실험에서</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>광매질</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>발견의</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>실패와</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>로렌쯔</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span><b>변환</b><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">당시<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>과학자들은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>빛이<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>파<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">(Wave)</span>이기<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>때문에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>파를<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>전달하는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>매질이<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>있을꺼라<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>믿고있었고<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>그<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>광매질을<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>마이클슨 몰리가 광간섭을 이용하여 측정하려했습니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">간섭계의 구체적인 설명은 생략하겠습니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">참고로 설명을 위해 그림과 실험설명이 과장됬습니다만 원리는 다르지 않습니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><img src="http://thimg.todayhumor.co.kr/upfile/201510/1445567429RQF6su99tz61saS7vCYplwga.png" width="689" height="514" alt="Screen Shot 2015-10-23 at 10.25.31 AM.png" style="border:none;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">11미터짜리 거대 광간섭계는 2년이 지나도 특별한 변화가 없자 <b>광매질 측정 불가능이라는 결론을 내립니다. </b></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">그래도 광매질이 있다고 생각하는 로렌쯔는 당시로는 억지스러운 변환식을 <span style="font-size:9pt;">내놓습니다. 바로 로렌쯔 변환입니다. </span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">광속이 광매질 속도에의해 변하지만 광매질의 상대적인 속도에 의해서 길이가 변한다는 식이 였습니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">그래서 광속빨라졌으나 A지점의 지구길이가 늘어나서 차이가 없다고 주장한내용입니다.. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"> 광매질 존재의 증명에대해선 크게 효과가 없었던 로렌쯔 변환은 당연히 조용히 쏙 들어갔습니다. </p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><img src="http://thimg.todayhumor.co.kr/upfile/201510/1445567429L66RA6EwxCLT.png" width="695" height="560" alt="Screen Shot 2015-10-23 at 10.25.51 AM.png" style="border:none;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">*물론 그림에서 보라색화살표인 광매질은 존재하지 않습니다.</p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">마이클슨 몰리 실험자체가 광매질이 존재한다고 생각하고 진행한것입니다.</p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:16px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><b>아인슈타인의 상대론</b></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">1905</span>년<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>아인슈타인은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>다른과학자들에게<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>별로<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>관심없었던<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>불변량을<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>갈릴레이<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표변환에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>시간좌표를<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>추가한<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>새로운<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표변환을<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>제시합니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">. </span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">“</span>특수상대론<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">”</span>이라고<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>알려진<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>아인슈타인의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>출판<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>논문<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>제목은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>한국어로<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> “</span>운동하는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>물체에서의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>전기역학<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">” </span>입니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">.</span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">아인슈타인이<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>제시한<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>좌표변환은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>동시성의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>상대성<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">, </span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">상대적<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>시간의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>흐름등<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>많은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>당시의 상식을<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>깨뜨렸습니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">. </span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">그좌표변환은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>로렌쯔<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>변환이라<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>불리고있습니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">.</span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;">변환의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>방식자체가<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> “</span>로렌쯔<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>변환<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">”</span>과<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>다르지않아서(광매질속도가 아니라 시간좌표가 들어가는데..)<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>그런지<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>혹은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>당시<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>로렌쯔의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>명성에<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>의한<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>완력때문인지는<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>잘모르겠습니다<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">. </span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;">(로렌쯔를 나쁘게 말한거 같아 그런데 이론 이름 정해지는게 학술대회 열어서 국회나 재판처럼 정하는것도 아니고 익숙한쪽으로 불리다보면 정해지는경향이 강합니다.)</p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><br></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';color:#454545;"><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">100</span>년도<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>더지난<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>지금<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>생각해보면<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>상대론의<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>출현은<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>당연한<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span>순서였지만<span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">당시는</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">굉장한</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">페러다임이</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">제시된것이였죠</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;">. </span></p> <p style="margin:0px;line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;color:#454545;"><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">맥스웰과</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">로렌쯔</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;">, </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">다른과학자가</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">시간이라는</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">좌표와</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">좌표바꿔도</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">불변량있다는</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">것을</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">생각해봤다면</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">과학사는</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;"> </span><span style="font-family:'Apple SD Gothic Neo';font-size:9pt;">좀달라졌을까요</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:normal;">?</span></p> <div><span style="line-height:normal;font-family:Helvetica;"><br></span></div> <div><br></div>
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