<p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">According to the great Roman Historian, Pliny, the Gauls were the original inventors of the </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">art of soap-making—--their best product being a combination of goats' fat and the ashes of </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">the beech-tree. The Romans subsequently acquired a knowledge of the art, and eventually </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">introduced it into Italy after their successful invasions of Gaul. In proof of the antiquity </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">of soap as an article of commerce, a soap-maker's shop has been discovered in the ruins of </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.5;background-color:transparent;">Pompeii, and is still exhibited to travellers.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.5;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">고대 로마의 위대한 박물학자였던 플리니에 따르면 갈리아 사람들이 최초로 비누 제조 기술을 발명했다고 한다. 그들이 만든 최고 품질의 비누는 염소의 지방과 너도밤나무를 태운 재를 혼합한 것이었다. 이후 갈리아를 정복한 로마인들은 비누 제조 기술을 획득하고 이 기술은 이탈리아 반도로 전래된다. 고대 로마에서 비누가 상업적으로 거래되었다는 것을 증명하는 증거로 폼페이의 유적지에서 비누 제조 공장이 발견되었다. 이것은 관광객들이 볼 수 있도록 전시되어있다.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">Prior to the invention of soap, the ancients employed the juices of certain plants as </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">detergents, and also fullers' earth, which was first spread upon the surface of their </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">clothes, and then stamped in by the feet. By this means greasy matter was removed on </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">subsequent scouring, the fullers'-earth having the property of absorbing grease to a </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">considerable extent. Sometimes this earth was employed as a cleansing medium in baths, and </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">even up to the beginning of the eighteenth century this system was adopted in Rome by </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">persons of the highest distinction.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">비누가 발명되기 전 고대인들은 특정 식물의 즙이나 <a target="_blank" href="http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/USBM-071.pdf" style="color:#0000FF;text-decoration:none;">표포토</a>를 표백제로 사용했는데, 일단 옷감의 겉면에 문질러 바른 후 발로 짓밟았다. 이러한 방법으로 기름때는 다시 씻을 때 씻겨 나간다. 표포토는 많은 양의 기름을 흡착하는 성질을 가지고 있다. 때때로 이 흙은 욕조 안에서 세정을 위해 사용되기도 했다. 이런 방법은 로마에서 가장 신분이 높았던 사람들에 의해 채택되어 18세기 초반까지 이어진다. </span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">In the eighth century there were many soap manufactories in Italy and Spain, but it is a </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">remarkable and interesting fact that nearly five hundred years elapsed ere soap manufacture </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">was introduced into France and practised as an art by the Phoceans, an intelligent and </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">industrious race, of Grecian and Egyptian origin. </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.5;background-color:transparent;">The first soap manufactories in France were established at Marseilles, a city surrounded with natural advantages of soil and climate for the production of all the crude materials necessary for soap-making.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">18 세기 이탈리아와 스페인에는 많은 비누 공장이 있었다. 하지만 여기서 놀랍고도 흥미를 끌만한 사실은 비누 제조는 이미 500년 전에 프랑스에 도입되어 그리스와 이집트에 뿌리를 둔 영민하고 근면한 포카이아인이 행해왔다는 것이다. </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.5;background-color:transparent;">프랑스의 첫 비누 제조 공장은 마르세이유에 세워졌는데 이 도시는 비누를 제조할 원료를 생산할 기후와 흙이라는 자연환경이 있었다.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.5;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">The olive-tree, the fruit of -which yields a fixed oil in great abundance, flourished in the south of France, while the shores of the Mediterranean yielded an ample supply of maritime plants, from which crude soda was obtained by calcination. </span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">올리브 나무의 과실은 많은 양의 비휘발성유(fixed oil)를 생산하는데, 프랑스 남부 지방에서 잘 자랐다. 지중해 해안에서는 풍부한 해양성 식물이 생산되었는데, 소다 원료는 이것을 태워(calcination, 煆燒) 얻는다. </span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">Marseilles, however, with all these advantages, was unable to produce sufficient material to meet the demands of her manufacturers ; therefore, as time progressed, Italy furnished supplies of olive-oil, while Spain contributed crude soda, or barilla.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">마르세이유는 이러한 자연 환경의 이점에도 불구하고 비누 공장의 수요를 충족하는 충분한 양의 원료를 생산할 수 없었다. 나중에는 이탈리아는 올리브유를 공급하고, 스페인은 소다 원료와 바릴라(barilla)라고 하는 몇 종류의 지중해산 염생식물의 생산을 분담하게 된다.</span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">The manufacture of soap in France was entirely confined to the combination of olive-oil and soda until the beginning of the present century, when palm-oil and cocoa-nut oil were also employed in the art and subsequently toilet, or fancy soaps, were introduced, and ultimately formed an extensive and important addition to the soap trade. </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">The exact period at which soap was first manufactured in England appears somewhat uncertain, but it was probably in the fourteenth century, when it was chiefly made upon the French system, that is to say, with barilla (crude carbonate of soda) ; and some other manufacturers adopted a method practised in Germany, in which potash, followed up by salt, superseded the use of soda obtained by the calcination of maritime plants.</span></p> <div style="font-family:gulim;line-height:21.6000003814697px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></div> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;"><br></span></p> <p dir="ltr" style="margin:0pt 0px;font-family:gulim;line-height:1.38;"><span style="font-size:15px;font-family:Arial;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap;background-color:transparent;">프랑스의 비누 제조 산업은 팜유와 코코아유가 사용되기 시작한 금세기 초까지 올리브유와 소다의 생산량에 의해 생산이 제한될 수밖에 없었다. 이후 화장 비누가 소개되어 비누 제조 산업에서 중요한 부분이 된다. </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.38;background-color:transparent;">영국에서 비누가 제조된 정확한 시기는 다소 불확실하나 아마도 14 세기였을 것이다. 이 때 비누는 주로 프랑스 식으로 만들어졌다. 말하자면 바릴라(crude carbonate of soda)를 사용한 것이다. </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;white-space:pre-wrap;line-height:1.5;background-color:transparent;">또 다른 제조자들은 독일에서 쓰이는 방식을 채용했는데 탄산칼륨 사용하여 염이 되게 하는데 염생식물로부터 얻어진 소다를 대체한다.</span></p>