<p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아 혁명을 이해하려면 먼저 러시아 제국과 차리즘을 알고 있어야 한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아 혁명이 지니고 있는 특수성이 바로 러시아 제국과 차리즘이라는 체제에 근간을 두고 있기 때문이며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아 혁명을 이끌었던 사람들</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">반대 위치에서 혁명을 막고자 했던 사람들이 러시아 제국과 차리즘을 똑같이 경험했던 사람들이기 때문이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">따라서 러시아 제국과 차리즘을 안다는 것은 러시아 혁명과 관계된 이들의 배경을 알게 된다는 것과 다름이 없다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아 제국은 표트르 대제가 북방전쟁에서의 승리 이후 선포한 이름으로</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이전까지는 모스크바 대공국으로 불렸다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">모스크바 대공국은 키예프 루시를 계승한 국가였다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아 땅에 동슬라브인이 세운 최초의 국가였던 키예프 루시는 현재 우크라이나의 수도인 키예프를 중심으로 세운 공국</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">公國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이후 키예프 주변 도시들에 국가가 세워졌는데</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">그 수가 많을 때에는 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">개에서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">12</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">개에 이르렀다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 공국들이 하나의 연합 국가를 세웠는데</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이를 바로 키예프 루시라고 하는 것이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">키예프 루시는 약 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">350</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 동안 계속되었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">키예프 루시는 봉건적인 성격을 띤 국가였다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">주된 지배계급은 보야르</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Boyar)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">라고 불린 최고위 귀족 계층으로</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">땅을 많이 차지한 지주 계급이었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">보야르의 영지는 세습되었으며 사병으로서 친위대를 거느리고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">자신의 토지 안에서는 무한한 권력을 누렸다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이들은 공국의 지배자인 공후</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">公侯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">가 보야르 두마</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Boyar’s duma)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">의 결정에 따르게 함으로써 공후를 자신들의 영향 아래에 두려고 했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">그러나 키예프 루시는 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1206</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년부터 몽골에 공격을 받기 시작했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">키예프 루시는 끈질기게 저항했지만 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1240</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 패배했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">몽골은 키예프 루시의 도시를 파괴했고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 지역에 몽골 제국의 한 부분으로서의 킵차크한국</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Kipchak Khanate)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">을 세웠다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이후 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">240</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">여년의 킵차크한국 지배시기가 이어졌는데</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이는 러시아가 다른 유럽 국가들과 달라지는 근본적인 계기가 되었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 시기 러시아는 서유럽과 거의 절연됐고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이로 인해 서유럽의 변화에 발을 맞추지 못했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아가 킵차크한국에 지배를 받는 동안 서유럽에서는 문예부흥</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">과 종교개혁</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 일어나 봉건제적 사회에서 탈피할 기회를 맞이했는데</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아는 그러지 못했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">요컨대 러시아의 발전은 서유럽과 비교할 때 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">2</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세기 가량 뒤처지게 되었던 것이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이를 대신한 것은 몽골이 남긴 절대주의와 군국주의였고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">몽골의 호구 조사와 징세</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">화폐 등 행정기술이 전수되었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 행정기술은 이후 모스크바 대공국으로</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">러시아 제국으로 이어졌다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">원이 쇠퇴기에 접어들면서 키예프 러시아의 변경도시였던 모스크바</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Moscow)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">가 차차 힘을 길러나가 모스크바 대공국으로 성장했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. 1380</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 드미트리 돈스코이</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Dmitri Donskoi) </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">대공의 지휘 아래에 러시아인은 몽골의 지배에서 벗어나기 위해 궐기했고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">부분적으로 성공을 거두어 킵차크한국의 지배에서 어느 정도 벗어날 수 있었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이후 이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세 때에 모스크바 대공국은 괄목할 만한 성장을 거두었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세는 자신이 즉위하기 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">10</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 전인 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1453</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 비잔틴 제국</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 멸망하고 새로 들어선 오스만 제국</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 이슬람 제국임을 강조해서 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1472</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년 비잔틴 제국의 마지막 황제인 콘스탄틴 팔레올로그</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Konstantin Palaeologus)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">의 조카딸인 소피아 팔레올로그</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Sophia Palaeologus)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">와 결혼했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이후 그는 스스로를 비잔틴 제국의 계승자임과 그리스 정교의 수장임을 주장하고 모스크바를 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">‘</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">제 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">의 로마</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">’</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">로 선언했고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">동시에 러시아 정교의 성립을 선포했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이로 인해 모스크바 대공국의 위신이 크게 높아졌다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">또한 이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세는 외교와 전쟁을 통해 키예프 루시를 형성했던 지역들을 모스크바 대공국으로 편입시켰고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">킵차크한국의 붕괴를 이용해 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1480</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">년에는 몽골의 지배로부터 완전히 벗어났다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 공로로 그는 이반 대제</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Ivan the Great)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">라는 칭호를 얻었고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, ‘</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">모든 루시 사람의 군주</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">’</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">라는 칭호를 사용하게 되었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">즉 차르</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Czar)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">가 등장한 것이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 호칭은 라틴어 케사르</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Caesar)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">에서 비롯된 것이었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">마지막으로 이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세는 새로운 토지 소유제인 포메스티</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Pomestie)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">를 도입했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이는 정복한 땅을 장교들에게 나누어주고 그 대가로 충성과 복무를 요구하는 제도였는데</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">토지에 바탕을 둔 귀족의 힘을 약화시키는 한편 농노제의 탄생을 불렀다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">3</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세 이후 모스크바 대공국은 팽창을 거듭했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">그의 뒤를 이은 이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세는 동쪽으로는 볼가 강</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">북쪽으로는 발트 해까지 영토를 확장시켰으나</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">독일과 폴란드 등의 국가가 동맹을 맺어 모스크바 대공국의 북진을 저지해서 발트 해를 빼앗겼다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">하지만 이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세의 사후 모스크바 대공국은 혼란의 시간</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Time of trouble)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">을 맞이했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 시기 이반 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">4</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세의 아들인 표도르가 새 차르가 되었는데</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">무능한 표도르는 곧 표도르의 처남이었던 보리스 고두노프</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Boris Godunov)</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">에게 권력을 넘겨주었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">고두노프는 표도르의 어린 동생인 드미트리를 모스크바 북쪽의 소도시로 유배시켰는데</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">드미트리는 거기서 죽었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">그러나 표도르가 죽은 후 가짜 드미트리가 나타나 폴란드 세력을 등에 업고 차르 자리에 올랐다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">가짜 드미트리는 폴란드 사람들을 고관으로 등용하고 국고를 폴란드에게 열어서</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">많은 러시아 사람들의 반감을 샀다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 시기 혼란이 멈추지 않으면서 농민들이 들고 일어나는 농민전쟁이 일어났고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">가짜 드미트리는 이후에도 한 번 더 나타났다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">이 혼란의 시간은 러시아 국민이 일어나 국민군을 조직해 폴란드 점령군에 대한 항쟁을 벌여</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">로마노프 왕조가 개창됨으로써 종식되었다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">그러나 이 시기를 거치며 가뜩이나 낙후되었던 러시아는 더욱 피폐해졌다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">혼란의 시간을 수습한 로마노프 왕조 중에서 이후 러시아에 많은 영향을 끼친 인물은 표트르 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">1</span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">세였다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 한컴바탕; letter-spacing: 0pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><br></span></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font face="한컴바탕">─────</font></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font face="한컴바탕"><br></font></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font face="한컴바탕">사실 각주가 달려 있었습니다. 옮기기가 어려워서, 그리고 아마도 여러분은 다 아실 거라고 생각해 생략했습니다.</font></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font face="한컴바탕"><br></font></p><p class="0" style="text-indent: 10pt; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><font face="한컴바탕">그건 그렇고 꽤 길죠? 이 파트 <b>덜 썼습니다.</b></font></p></p>