<div>살아있는 인간 컴퓨터 캐더린 존슨여사님. (1918년 8월 26일 생)</div> <div><br></div> <div><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;">컴퓨터가 없던시절 우주선 궤도와 좌표를 손수 계산해내심 ㄷㄷㄷ</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;">그녀의 계산이 얼마나 정확했고 과학적이었는지는 설명할 수 없을 정도.</span></div> <div>달탐사를 위해 컴퓨터가 나사에 도입된 뒤에도 컴퓨터의 계산이 맞는지 그녀에게 검증을 받았을 정도.</div> <div><br></div> <div> <div><img class="alignnone" src="http://assets.makers.com/Katherine%20Johnson%20Langely's%20Black%20Mathematicians.png" alt="" width="1049" height="582"></div> <div><b><br></b></div> <div><b><br></b></div> <div><b>저는 공돌이라 발번역, 오역, 맞춤법 틀린 것 넘쳐납니다. 대충 읽으실 분들만 읽으세요 ㄷㄷㄷ</b></div> <div><b><br></b></div> <div>source: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/researchernews/rn_kjohnson.html" target="_blank">http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/researchernews/rn_kjohnson.html</a></div> <div><b><br></b></div> <div><b>She Was a Computer When Computers Wore Skirts (08.26.08)</b></div> <div><a target="_blank" href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Katherine%20Johnson%20feature" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;" target="_blank">By: Jim Hodges</a></div> <div><br>Katherine Johnson was 90 on Tuesday, an apt date because it also was National Equality Day.</div> <div><br>Not that she ever thought she wasn't equal.</div> <div><br>"I didn't have time for that," said Johnson in her Hampton home. "My dad taught us 'you are as good as anybody in this town, but you're no better.' I don't have a feeling of inferiority. Never had. I'm as good as anybody, but no better."</div> <div><br>But probably a lot smarter. She was a "computer" at Langley Research Center "when the computer wore a skirt," said Johnson. More important, she was living out her life's goal, though, when it became her goal, she wasn't sure what it involved.</div> <div><br>Johnson was born in White Sulfur Springs, W.Va., where school for African-Americans stopped at eighth grade. Her father, Joshua, was a farmer who drove his family 120 miles to Institute, W. Va., where education continued through high school and then at West Virginia State College. He would get wife Joylette a job as a domestic and leave the family there to be educated while he went back to White Sulfur Springs to make a living.</div> <div><br>Katherine skipped though grades to graduate from high school at 14, from college at 18, and her skills at mathematics drew the attention of a young professor, W.W. Schiefflin Claytor.</div> <div><br><span class="img_comments_right" style="margin:0px 0px 16px 10px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;width:228px;float:right;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/images/content/269508main_Katherine%20johnson.jpg" target="_blank" title="Katherine Johnson." style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><img width="226" alt="Katherine Johnson." title="Katherine Johnson." src="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/images/content/269513main1_Katherine%20johnson_226.jpg" height="170" align="bottom" border="0" style="display:block;border:none;margin:0px 5px 0px 1px;"></a> </span><p style="margin:0px;padding:8px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">Katherine Johnson's work at NASA's Langley Research Center spanned 1953 to 1986 and included calculating the trajectory of the early space launches.</p> <p style="margin:0px;padding:8px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">Photo Credit: NASA/Sean Smith.</p><center>Click on the images for a larger view</center> <p style="margin:0px;padding:8px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"></p>"He said, 'You'd make a good research mathematician and I'm going to see that you're prepared,' " she recalled.</div> <div><br>"I said, 'Where will I get a job?'</div> <div><br>"And he said, 'That will be your problem.'<br><br>"And I said, 'What do they do?'</div> <div><br>"And he said, 'You'll find out.'</div> <div><br>"In the back of my mind, I wanted to be a research mathematician."</div> <div><br>It didn't involve teaching, though she did it for a while, starting at $65 a month. While on vacation from a $100-a-month teaching job in 1952, she was in Newport News. "I heard that Langley was looking for black women computers," she said.</div> <div><br>She was put into a pool, from which she emerged within two weeks to join engineers who, five years later, would become involved in something new called the "Space Task Force."</div> <div><br>That was 1958, when the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics became the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</div> <div><br></div> <div>She did the math.<br><br>"We wrote our own textbook, because there was no other text about space," she says. "We just started from what we knew. We had to go back to geometry and figure all of this stuff out. Inasmuch as I was in at the beginning, I was one of those lucky people."</div> <div><br>That luck came in large part because she was no stranger to geometry. It was only natural that she calculate the trajectory of Alan Shepherd's 1961 trip into space, America's first.</div> <div><br>"The early trajectory was a parabola, and it was easy to predict where it would be at any point," Johnson says. "Early on, when they said they wanted the capsule to come down at a certain place, they were trying to compute when it should start. I said, 'Let me do it. You tell me when you want it and where you want it to land, and I'll do it backwards and tell you when to take off.' That was my forte."</div> <div><br>More flights became more complicated, with more variables involving place and rotation of Earth and the moon for orbiting. By the time John Glenn was to go up to orbit the Earth, NASA had gone to computers.<br><br>"You could do much more, much faster on computer," Johnson says. "But when they went to computers, they called over and said, 'tell her to check and see if the computer trajectory they had calculated was correct.' So I checked it and it was correct."</div> <div><br>So the "computer" began using a computer. And in 1969, while at a sorority meeting in the Pocono Mountains, she gathered with others around a small television set to see Neil Armstrong land on the moon and take the first step by a human there. There was some marveling, but not much.</div> <div><br>"It all seemed routine to people by then," Johnson said.<br><br>But there was an extremely nervous "computer." <br><br>"I had done the calculations and knew they were correct," said Johnson. "But just like driving (to Hampton in traffic) from Williamsburg this morning, anything could happen. I didn't want anything to happen and it didn't."<br><br>Her work at Langley spanned from 1953 to 1986. She is still involved in math, tutoring youngsters, and she remembers where NASA's space program was, even as she watches where it is now on television.<br><br>"I found what I was looking for at Langley," she says. "This was what a research mathematician did. I went to work every day for 33 years happy. Never did I get up and say I don't want to go to work."<br><br>Johnson also spends time talking with children, making sure that they know of the opportunities that can be had through mathematics and science. She laughs when she talks of being interviewed long distance by a fourth-grade class in Florida.<br><br>"Each of them had their questions, and one asked, 'are you still living?' " Johnson says. "They see your picture in a textbook and think you're supposed to be dead."<br><br>Far from it. Instead, she's celebrating yet another birthday on Women's Equality Day, without admitting that there was a time when she didn't feel equal.<br><br></div> <div>Her father wouldn't allow it.<br><div class="space_div" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;height:8px;"><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;"> </span></div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">NASA Langley Research Center<br>Managing Editor: Jim Hodges<br>Executive Editor and Responsible NASA Official: H. Keith Henry<br>Editor and Curator: Denise Lineber</span></div></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">---------------------------------------------</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;">저는 공돌이라</span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;">발번역, 오역, 맞춤법 오류 넘쳐납니다. ㄷㄷㄷ</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;">---------------------------------------------</span></div> <div><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:1.5;"><br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">여성평등일과 같은 날에 태어난 캐더린 존슨여사는 지난 화요일에 90이 되었다.<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">그녀는 평등하게 대우받고 있다고 생각한적이 없었다.<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">"그럴 겨를도 없었어요."  햄튼 집에서 존슨이 말했다. "아버지는 '너희들은 이 동네애들과 비슷하며 잘난게 없다.'라고 우리들에게 가르치셨어요. 남들에게 뒤떨어진다라는 느낌은 안들었죠. 전혀요. 난 남들 하는 만큼은 하지만 잘난것도 없다고 말이죠."<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">하지만 훨씬 똑똑했을 것이다. "컴퓨터가 치마를 입고 있던시절 랭글리 연구센터에서 컴퓨터였어요." (컴퓨터가 등장하기전 사람이 모든 계산을 해내고 궤적과 좌표를 계산하던 시절을 빗댄것.) 중요한건 그녀는 일생의 꿈을 따라 살아왔다는 것이고  그 꿈이 현실화 되었을때는 그 일이 얼마나 엄청난 것인지 몰랐었다.<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">존슨은 웨스트 버지니아 White Sulfur Springs에서 태어났고 흑인을 위한 교육은 8학년이상 받을 수 없는 곳이었다. 그녀의 아버지 조슈아는 120마일 떨어진 Kanawha County(Institue, W. Va)로 가족의 거처를 옮겨서 고등학교 교육과 웨스트버지나 주립대까지 교육을 받도록 해주었다. 부인 조이렛에게 가사도우미 일자리를 찾아주고 교육을 위해 가족을 남겨두고 White Sulfur Springs로 돌아와 가족의 생계를 위해 일을 계속했다.<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">캐더린은 속성으로 14살에 고등학교, 18살에 대학을 졸업했고 그녀의 수학실력은 젊은 교수 W.W. Schiefflin Claytor의 주목을 받았다.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">"넌 좋은 수학자 될듯싶다. 얼마나 잘 해낼수 있는지 보자꾸나" 교수가 존슨에게 말했다고 회상했다.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">"어디서 일하게 되는데요?"</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">"그건 네 실력에 달렸지"</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">"무슨 일인데요?"</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">"차츰 알게 될꺼다"</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">"그때는 수학 학자가 되고 싶었어요."</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">초급 $65의 일을 시작했을때 남을 가르치는 일은 업무는 포함되지 않았었고 한동안 그일을 해나갔다. $100의 월급을 받는 교사직을 Newport News에서 해나가던 1952년, 휴가를 즐기고 있던 그녀는 랭글리에서 흑인 여성 계산원을 구한다는 소식을 들었다.<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">그녀는 인력풀에 등록되었고 2주후 엔지니어들과 같이 일하게 되었고 그 팀은 나중에 Space Task Force에 속하게 된다.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">그 때가 1958년 NACA가 NASA로 바뀐해였다.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">그녀는 수학 계산을 했다.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">우리는 우리가 필요한 참고서적을 직접 만들었어요. 그때는 우주에 대한 어떠한 참고 서적이 없었죠. 알고있는 지식을 바탕으로 기하학과 다른 모든 필요한것들을 끌어모아야 했죠. 처음 시작이었으니까요. 초창기 시작하는 행운아들중 하나였죠."<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">기하학에 익숙했던 그녀는 미국 최초 1961년 Alan Shepherd의 우주여행 궤도를 자연스럽게 적용, 계산해냈다.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">초기 궤도는 포물선이었고 어떤 지점에서건 궤도의 예즉이 쉬웠죠. 처음에 켑슐이 특정 지점에 내려앉고 싶을때 어느 지점에서 발사되어야 하는지 궁금해할때 제가 언제, 어디에 착륙하고 싶은지만 말해달라고 했죠. 그럼 언제 어디서 이륙해야할지를 알려줄 수 있다고 했죠. 그게 제 특기였죠.<br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">갈수록 지구의 회전, 달의 공전등등의 변수가 추가되면서 계산은 복잡해졌다. 그 때부터 나사는 컴퓨터를 이용하기 시작했다.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">컴퓨터를 이용하면 훨씬 빠르고 많은 일을 할 수 있었어요. 하지만 결과가 나왔을때 궤도계산이 맞는지 저에게 확인을 해달라고 했었죠.</span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;"><br></span></div> <div><span class="credits" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;vertical-align:baseline;">... 이 아래는 바빠서 퇴근하고 발번역할께요 ^^</span></div>